| 항공위키 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 소개 | 공지사항 | 문서 작성 가이드 | 임의의 문서로 | 문의사항 |
| 현재 항공위키에는 4,256개(전체 8,119개)의 문서가 54,433번 편집되고 있습니다. | ||||
항공위키과 관련된 문의에 대한 내용을 담고 있습니다.
일반 문의
본 위키 이용 관련하여 일반적인 궁금한 사항 등을 문의할 때는 항공위키:문의_게시판을 이용하시기 바랍니다. 댓글 형태로 의견을 입력할 수 있으며 대댓글로 그에 대한 답변 등이 이루어질 수 있습니다.
문서 토론
특정 문서 내용에 대한 문의 또는 의견 등은 '토론' 항목을 통해 이루어집니다.
2022년 현재 스킨(Citizen) 기준으로 상단 편집 버튼 옆 확장 메뉴를 클릭해 '토론' 항목으로 진입할 수 있습니다. 비로그인 사용자도 사용 가능합니다만 이후 관리 측면에서 어려움이 있을 수 있으므로 로그인 후 사용하는 것을 권장합니다.
기타
그 외 기타 사항에 대한 문의는 이메일(funnytale@gmail.com)을 이용해 주시기 바랍니다. 다만 확인이 늦어질 수 있다는 점은 미리 양해 구합니다.
틀:Italic title 틀:Use dmy dates 틀:Redirect
In the Western classical music tradition, 틀:Lang (틀:IPAc-en, 틀:Plural form 틀:IPAc-en;[1][2][3] 틀:IPA-de, 틀:Plural form, 틀:Literal translation) is a term for setting poetry to classical music to create a piece of polyphonic music.[4] The term is used for any kind of song in contemporary German and Dutch, but among English and French speakers, 틀:Lang is often used interchangeably with "art song" to encompass works that the tradition has inspired in other languages as well. The poems that have been made into lieder often center on pastoral themes or themes of romantic love.[5]
The earliest Lieder date from the late fourteenth or early fifteenth centuries, and can even refer to 틀:Lang from as early as the 12th and 13th centuries.[6] It later came especially to refer to settings of Romantic poetry during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and into the early twentieth century. Examples include settings by Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms, Hugo Wolf, Gustav Mahler or Richard Strauss.
History
Terminology
틀:Further For German speakers, the term "Lied" has a long history ranging from twelfth-century troubadour songs (틀:Lang) via folk songs (틀:Lang) and church hymns (틀:Lang) to twentieth-century workers' songs (틀:Lang) or protest songs (틀:Lang).틀:Citation needed
The German word Lied for "song" (cognate with the English dialectal leed) first came into general use in German during the early fifteenth century, largely displacing the earlier word gesang.
Late Middle Ages or Early Renaissance
The poet and composer Oswald von Wolkenstein is sometimes claimed to be the creator of the lied because of his innovations in combining words and music.[7] The late-fourteenth-century composer known as the Monk of Salzburg wrote six two-part lieder which are older still, but Oswald's songs (about half of which actually borrow their music from other composers) far surpass the Monk of Salzburg in both number (about 120 lieder) and quality.[4]
From the 15th century come three large song collections compiled in Germany: the Lochamer Liederbuch, the Schedelsches Liederbuch, and the Glogauer Liederbuch.[8]
Renaissance
The scholar Konrad Celtis (1459–1508), the Arch-Humanist of German Renaissance, taught his students to compose Latin poems using the metric patterns following the model of the Horatian odes. These poems were subsequently "set to simple, four-part music, incorporate the shifting accenmal patterns of the French vers mesurée". The composers of this style included Heinrich Finck, Paul Hofhaimer, and Ludwig Senfl. The style also became imbued into the new German humanist dramas, thus contributing to the development of Protestant hymnody. The style is present in the earliest German secular polyphony collections such as Johann Ott's Mehrstimmiges Deutsches Liederbuch (1534) and Georg Forster's Frische teutsche Liedlein (about 1540 onwards). According to Chester Lee Alwes, Heinrich Isaac's popular song Innsbruck, ich muss dich lassen "became the gold standard of the Lied genre".[9]
Common practice
German-speaking composers Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven wrote 틀:Lang for voice and keyboard.
The great age of German song came in the nineteenth century. With the flowering of German literature, German-speaking composers found more inspiration in poetry.틀:Citation needed
Schubert found a new balance between words and music, a new expression of the sense of the words in and through the music. He wrote over 600 songs, some of them in sequences or song cycles that convey a journey of the soul, not the body.
Song cycles (German: 틀:Lang or Liederkreis) are series of 틀:Lang (generally three or more) tied by a single narrative or theme, such as Schubert's Die schöne Müllerin and Winterreise, or Robert Schumann's Frauen-Liebe und Leben and Dichterliebe. Schubert and Schumann are most closely associated with this genre, mainly developed in the Romantic era.[10][11]
Typically, 틀:Lang were for a single singer and piano, with orchestral accompaniment being a later development.
The tradition was continued by Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms, and Hugo Wolf in the latter half of the 19th century.
20th century
Gustav Mahler, Hans Pfitzner, Max Reger, Richard Strauss, Alexander Zemlinsky carried the tradition of the 틀:Lang into the 20th century. Arnold Schoenberg,[12] Alban Berg, Anton Webern, and Ernst Krenek wrote tonal, atonal, and twelve-tone 틀:Lang. Somewhat later, Paul Dessau and Hanns Eisler wrote 틀:Lang of a sometimes overtly political nature.
Examples
Some of the most famous examples of Lieder are Schubert's Erlkönig, Der Tod und das Mädchen ("Death and the Maiden"), Gretchen am Spinnrade, and Der Doppelgänger.
Other national traditions
The mélodies of Hector Berlioz, Gabriel Fauré, Claude Debussy, and Francis Poulenc are French parallels to the German 틀:Lang. Modest Mussorgsky's and Sergei Rachmaninoff's Russian songs are also analogous. 20th-century English examples, as represented by Ralph Vaughan Williams, Benjamin Britten, Ivor Gurney, and Gerald Finzi, were often folk-like in idiom.틀:Citation needed
References
Further reading
External links
틀:Commons category 틀:Wiktionary
- The LiederNet Archive, texts and translations
- The Lieder Sound Archive
- The OpenScore Lieder Corpus, public domain transcriptions to play or download
- The Art Song Project
- "Life On the Other Side – 1971 Darüber...", Aubrey Pankey, an African-American lieder singer